Article Each package complied with the guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances. To obtain a representative genetic dataset of the Belgian population, participants in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were invited to donate saliva samples for DNA analysis. SDK and NR were responsible for the sample preparations and DNA extractions. Whole-genome sequence variation, population structure and demographic history of the Dutch population. Well, maybe they like and even need them, but easily disagree about the content. Columns indicate SNP ids, chromosome, position, reference allele, variant allele, VAF, and frequencies of homozygous reference (AA), heterozygous (AB), and homozygous variant (BB) alleles respectively. Before sexual dimorphism appears with the awakening of hormones, children are androgynous in face and body, and only really identified, when we think of it, by the way they are dressed and their hair is cut. It has the purpose to assess the health status and its distribution in the population and to describe the association of this health status with its main determinants [11]. Belgian people question rules and prefer to compromise on a case by case basis. Stereotypes About Belgium That People Get Completely Wrong TRAVEL Must-Visit Attractions in Belgium TRAVEL Explainer: 'I Speak Dutch, Not Flemish' 10 Canonical Male Novelists & Poets From Belgium The Most Curious Details Of Brussels, Belgium The IJzertoren: A Symbolic Guardian Of Peace In Belgium Using the first two PCs, which capture 5.2 and 3.2% of the total variance respectively, an expected and clear separation was observed between the different continental populations, with the largest differences between African, East Asian, and European populations (Fig. One is known as double-eyelid: the eyelid is creased like in Western eyes, but closer to the eyelashes. As is the case with the rest of the body, male and female faces vary from the extreme characteristics of their gender, to androgynous ambiguity. The odds for consent were higher in non-smokers (and higher in former smokers than never smokers), higher age, and higher educational attainment. Information related to the study participants residence (region and province), migration background, and a set of variables that could influence the consent rate was obtained from the NHIS-2013 database. Belgian samples were mapped on the European PC model (41,083 SNPs) and colored based on the region of inhabitance as indicated. So, very large or small noses, lips, and ears, are considered less attractive. Eyes are basically either brown or blue, with green as a third, rarer type. This, along with smooth texture, fewer blemishes and lines are associated with health of facial skin. This oversampling of the Brussels region is related to the way the NHIS was constructed [11]. Government corruption and dangerous driving is another thing they share with them. There are three principal groups of Belgians, Dutch-speaking (Flemish), French-speaking (Walloons) and finally German-speaking fellows. Google Scholar. The features are at their peak appearance: chiselled nose, gazed toned down and matured by eyelid folds that are now visible, face contours showing more bone and muscle structure than soft flesh. SD and JT performed the NHIS 2013 correlations. The colour of the iris loses intensity and the lips too lose colour. Royal C, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Kittles R, Powell I, Bennett J, Hoke G, Pettaway C, Weinrich S, Vijayakumar S, Ahaghotu C, Mason T, Johnson E, Obeikwe M, Simpson C, Mejia R, Boykin W, Roberson P, Frost J, Faison-Smith L, Meegan C, Foster N, Furbert-Harris P, Carpten J, Bailey-Wilson J, Trent J, Berg K, Dunston G, Collins F. Recruitment experience in the first phase of the African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer (AAHPC) study. For a dolichocephal head, which is long and narrow in comparison (longer than it is wide), add some volume to the back of the basic egg shape. While beauty standards may vary across different cultures, it is clear that Belgian women possess their own distinct brand of elegance and charm. They possess a high degree of adaptability and resilience, which allows them to navigate the ups and downs of life with grace and poise. Ann Epidemiol. Arch Public Heal. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Furthermore, the high standard of living and education opportunities in Belgium also contribute to the personal qualities of Belgian women, making them well-informed, cultured, and open-minded individuals. TD and EG did the statistical analysis related to factors determining consent rates. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Genome of the Netherlands Consortium LC, Menelaou A, Pulit SL, van Dijk F, Palamara PF, Elbers CC, PBT N, Ye K, Guryev V, Kloosterman WP, Deelen P, Abdellaoui A, van Leeuwen EM, van Oven M, Vermaat M, Li M, JFJ L, Karssen LC, Kanterakis A, Amin N, Hottenga JJ, Lameijer E-W, Kattenberg M, Dijkstra M, Byelas H, van Setten J, van Schaik BDC, Bot J, Nijman IJ, Renkens I, et al. When it comes to physical appearance, Belgian women have some distinct characteristics that differentiate them from other European women. Even better, compare photos or real people, to get a fuller appreciation of how deeply carved the Caucasian face is, compared with the less dramatic Asian face somehow like high- vs. low-relief. popular software in Video Post-Production. Joumana Medlej is a Lebanese calligraphy artist, trained by a master in Beirut and now living in England. Therefore, genotyping data were first converted in genomic data structure (gds) format. PubMed Central (unless theres heavy exposure to sun and wind, Asian types are notoriously smooth-skinned to a relatively advanced age). We first compared the genetic structure of the Belgian population with other populations worldwide. Barnangen All over rescue body balm. The central map of Belgium shows the geographical location of each province. health and extract these features in order to have a better prediction by computer . ED and VDW prepared the BelPHG-21 applications to ethical and privacy committees. This is compatible with their carefulness and mistrust for the unknown. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Hazel eyes are brown eyes with elements of green juxtaposed, so the two colors exist as two separate rings blending into each other. Mary Robertson is a cross-cultural dating expert with a decade of experience and a degree in anthropology from Sorbonne. See main text for SNP filtering criteria. Europe there can be an external fold over the eyes (shown above) which makes them look So the Belgians are closer to the French, Germans or Japanese, in that they need things to be well organised, planned and structured to feel comfortable. *All Individual plans include a 7-day free trial for new customers; then chosen plan price applies. Here, we reported on the genetic structure of the Belgian population using 300,000 genome-wide SNPs, derived from saliva DNA sampled from 189 participants from the latest NHIS (2013). Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. One other eye shape that needs study is distinctly ethnic: the Asian eye. Distinctive facial features often associated with oral-facial-digital syndrome include a split in the lip (a cleft lip ); a wide nose with a broad, flat nasal bridge; and widely spaced eyes ( hypertelorism ). The Face and Age. Also note that children's lips are thinner, less textured, and closer to the skin tone than adults. While this study demonstrated the usefulness of this type of NHIS-related information, there are some limitations. Genetic variation of the Belgian population related to continental populations. 2002;11:24952. 2017;27:9039. Traditional Chinese face reading, or physiognomy, stipulates that certain facial features bring good fortune and prosperity - here's why K-pop idols sparked a trend for double eyelids and V . One of the most significant genetic factors is the populations historical heritage. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. PubMed Genome Res. Pearson correlation coefficients are shown on top of each plot. These qualities are felt to signify health even when someone is shown a patch of skin without a full face. Belgian Women are known for their strong-willed and determined nature. Overall, the appearance and facial features of modern Belgian women are the result of a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and societal factors. Our next goal was to examine how the Belgian population differs from other European populations. Novembre et al. (a) Screeplot showing the variability captured by the first 10 PCs. These geographic races include: Europeans (which include Middle Easterners and Mediterraneans) Eastern Indians Asians American Indians Africans Melanesians Micronesians Polynesians Australian Aborigines 3. In Hooded eyes, which can be present from birth or develop with age, a fold of skin hides the natural crease in the eyelid. That diversity . In summary, these data show minor but clear genetic differences between the different regions in Belgium with a north-west to south-east geographical correlation. 2008;456:98101. This is the first study on the genetic structure of the Belgian population and its regional variation. Its a feature that gives them a refined and elegant look. He could do this with all features of the face, be it eye sockets, cheeks, noses, or jaws. From the remaining 199 samples, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 300,000 sites were measured using the whole genome scanning Illumina HumanCytoSNP-12 microarray. Moorman PG, Skinner CS, Evans JP, Newman B, Sorenson JR, Calingaert B, Susswein L, Crankshaw TS, Hoyo C, Schildkraut JM. First, the information is limited to the first generation only (parents). A female's eyelashes are no longer prominent and her lips get thinner; a male's hairline recedes to a varying, but noticeable degree. 2014;30:20768. CAS You can order the best skin care products from Belgium online at Belgian Expat Shop. His interests also include economics, philosophy, evolutionary biology, bioengineering, neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, cultural studies and linguistics. Geographical structure and differential natural selection among North European populations. Genomic coordinates for all SNPs were retrieved from dbSNP Build 144 [26]. It also shows the Adam's apple, which a female neck never does. The 189 samples that were used for analysis in this study were donated by volunteers in all three regions: 98 from Flanders, 62 from Wallonia, and 29 from Brussels (Fig. Drieskens S, Demarest S, DHoker N, Ortiz B, Tafforeau J. . In the other, known as single-eyelid, there is no crease at all (therefore no "eyelid line" to draw), only smooth padded skin over the eye. Plot of the first two principal components (PC) based on a PC analysis using 41,083 SNPs from five other European populations as indicated (GBR British, CEU Utah Residents with Northern and Western European Ancestry, FIN Finnish, IBS Iberian population in Spain, TSI Toscani in Italy). Violet eyes, very rare, are blue eyes through which red blood vessels show: the violet effect is due to this layering of blue and red. Physical characteristics of typical Belgian Woman: Belgian Women have a set of unique facial features that distinguish them from other ethnic groups in Europe. Fst is a metric with values between 0 and 1 that is used to measure genetic distance between populations, in which high pairwise values indicate large population differentiation and vice versa. They received an invitation letter with all the information on the BelPHG-21 study as well as informed consent forms to return in case of participation. "Believe nothing of what you hear, and only half of what you see" (or alternatively "Trust no one unless you have eaten much salt with him"). Proportionally, the highest numbers of non-Belgian samples were obtained from individuals living in Brussels (11/29 samples; 37.9%), followed by Wallonia (18/62; 29.0%), and Flanders (6/98; 6.1%) (Fig. In the future, Kayser expects to look at more facial features, especially since the face scans stopped at the nose and excluded the lower face. bioRxiv. 14.16 11.70. Eastern Europeans (Slavs) have darker skin than northern Europeans. Subscribe below and well send you a weekly email summary of all new Design & Illustration tutorials. 4 for details). Eyebrows are only half as dark as they will be in adulthood, so they may appear absent in very fair babies. Cancel any time. Belgian data (BEL) were mapped independently. Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the northeast. Pockets appear under the eyes. Variant allele frequencies from the Genome of the Netherlands (GoNl) project were derived from the release 5 vcf files downloaded at https://molgenis26.target.rug.nl/downloads/gonl_public/variants/release5/. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The study population was selected from the participants of the most recent (2013) NHIS. Variant allele frequencies (VAF) for all SNPs were calculated with reference to the human genome build hg19. ), the comic strip tradition ( Tintin, the Smurfs, Spirou & Fantasio, the Marsupilami, Lucky Luke, Largo Winch, etc. Belgian data were mapped on the European PC model (41,083 SNPs). "Lots of regions of the genome contribute to facial features, so you would expect the genetic variation to be subtle, and it is. This section covers the former the extremes of female and male features displayed in the face. For visualization purposes, only 1000 random points are shown. Worry and frown lines, as well as smile lines, become permanent. Perhaps the most famous Belgian facial hair outside Belgium is that of the characters Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus in the Tintin comic books. Indication of the number of samples taken from NHIS-2013 participants in each region and province, total number of inhabitants in 2013, number of samples taken per million inhabitants, number of invited participants, and sampling percentages. Google Scholar. Nature. Mary stays informed on cultural trends and dating practices to assist others in finding love and happiness. Principal component (PC) analysis using 47,802 SNPs from five continental populations with mapping of the Belgian population. What physical characteristics do typical Belgian Women have? Belgian women also tend to have a more full-bodied figure, while French women are often considered to have a more slender and athletic build. Also, there is now a clear difference between male and female traits. It is rare for female's hairlines to recede with age as males' do. Populations are indicated below the plot (AFR: African; AMR: American; EAS: East Asian; EUR: European; SAS: South Asian; BEL: Belgian). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The correlation with age is more ambiguous, with reports of both younger age as well as older age being associated with lower consent [15, 20, 22]. Belgian Women are known for their unique and striking facial features, as well as their strong and independent personalities. The Belgian inhabitants is a typical European population with minor but clear differences between the regions and clear signs of latest migration. Am J Hum Genet. Never miss out on learning about the next big thing. Consulting firms are not big in Belgium. With the Terms and Conditions, Typical Belgians would tell you that "politicians are worse than criminals". All other data (e.g., variant allele frequencies) generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files). They possess a strong sense of self and are not easily swayed by external influences. 1). 2023 Envato Pty Ltd. This is the first study on the genetic structure of the Belgian population and its regional differences. Belgian women are known for their striking facial features, including their blonde or light brown hair, fair skin, diverse eye shape and color, small delicate nose and full lips. All genotypes were converted so that the reference allele always referred to the positive strand of the human genome build hg19. But the new study, published today . Be informed each month about our latest offers, Do not wait any longer and follow the example of all our 75.000 customers, Dutch Expat Shop BVKeukenbeemd 3a5741 TV Beek en DonkThe Netherlands, IBAN: NL43 RABO 0124 8980 33BIC: RABONL2U. JRV was responsible for the micro-array analysis. This analysis also allowed us to compare the Belgian population to the geographically and linguistically related population of the Netherlands, for which allele frequency data, but no genotyping data, are publicly available (Genome of the Netherlands project, GoNl [6]). From this basic diagram, carve off a little volume for a brachycephal head, which is as long as it is wide, in other words round. National and international efforts like the 1000 Genomes Project are leading to increasing insights in the genetic structure of populations worldwide. As expected, and similar to the PC and Fst analysis, extremely good correlations were found with all European populations (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.972 and higher). Indeed, cheating on the government (e.g. Microarray results from 10 samples were excluded due to insufficient call rates (i.e., lower than 0.6), resulting in 189 samples that were used for further analysis. In profile we see that the female neck is not only more slender, but has a more pronounced forward movement; due to its bulk, the male neck looks more vertical. Males display these in a more attenuated fashion (and their lips are relatively less fleshy) so they're usually not so noticeable. Abnormalities of the digits can affect both the fingers and the toes in people with oral-facial-digital syndrome. Here are some well-known eye shapes independent of ethnicity: The Almond eye is characterized by the upswept lift at the outer corner. It began with a plaster cast of the face and then a clay squeeze would be taken to reflect the healed face and missing features. This diagram shows the difference face shapes we perceive (they are more subtle in reality): Surprisingly enough, the skull itself gives a clue as to ethnic origin, as its morphology varies across a spectrum. A principal component analysis demonstrated the typical European genetic constitution of the Belgian population, as compared to other continents. forward of the eyes, has a high root and bridge, and wings usually These samples were genotyped using the hg19 human genome build as a reference and variant allele frequencies were calculated for a total number of 261,079 SNPs for which genotyping information was available (Additionalfile1: Table S1). Large-scale whole-genome sequencing of the Icelandic population. Le Marchand L, Lum-jones A, Saltzman B, Marchand L, Visaya V, AMY N, Kolonel LN. All Belgian samples with a South European migration background are indicated. They generally have a medium body type, with a mix of both curves and a defined waistline. Assessing the impact of population stratification on association studies of rare variation. Published: December 7, 2020 11.06am EST. (b) PC plot of five European populations with mapping of the Belgian population and indication of their migration backgrounds. Belgian data were mapped independently on the PC model. 3 and Additionalfile3: Figure S1b). She has lived and traveled in France, Spain, Argentina and Japan, gaining practical dating experience with women from diverse cultures. Richard Hill explains in his book EuroManagers & Martians, that during WWII, in a German prisoner-of-war camp, made up of 3,000 French, 350 Belgians, 100 Brits and 50 other people, 142 self-appointed prisoners leaders emerged, among whom 115 were Belgians. In a female, the width is roughly the same proportion, but the foot is just longer than the face is high, and the hand is at most 3/4 of the same height. Nevertheless, there are very few taxonomies of facial features. 2001;29:30811. Belgium has only existed as an independent country since 1830, but it existed as a common entitity under the French, Austrian and Spanish administrations from the 15th century, except for the Principality of Lige (an integral part of the Holy German Empire until 1792), which nevertheless had close connections and interactions with the rest of the territory. Article But it is consistent and statistically significant." Army data Sheehan was able to assess human facial variability thanks to a U.S. Army database of body measurements compiled from male and female personnel in 1988. The BelPHG-21 study is a cross-sectional population-based study, conducted in 2016. After looking at three-dimensional images of more than 4,000 faces, the program helped researchers find 15 genetic markers out of likely thousands that contribute to facial morphology. Using 3-D facial images researchers have identified changes in the . Durbin RM, Altshuler DL, Durbin RM, Abecasis GR, Bentley DR, Chakravarti A, Clark AG, Collins FS, De La Vega FM, Donnelly P, Egholm M, Flicek P, Gabriel SB, Gibbs RA, Knoppers BM, Lander ES, Lehrach H, Mardis ER, McVean GA, Nickerson DA, Peltonen L, Schafer AJ, Sherry ST, Wang J, Wilson RK, Gibbs RA, Deiros D, Metzker M, Muzny D, Reid J, et al. 2004;13:134954. Information on migration background was derived from NHIS data and based on to the country of birth of the parents of the study participant. This genetic epidemiology study will also give a concrete idea about the expected number of harmful variants in the genome of a typical Belgian individual, including the prevalence of several genetic disease carriers. Note that this table only shows the basic hues that are handed down genetically, and major incidental ones (violet, blue-green). Both males and females also tend to prefer facial features that are close to the average in terms of size and shape. PubMed Central With a spectrum of physical variation in the peoples, Belgian authorities legally mandated ethnic affiliation in the 1920s, based on economic criteria. (PDF 7654kb), Genetic variation of the Belgian population related to other European populations. Google Scholar. 2011;6:e22547. Audrain J, Tercyak KP, Goldman P, Bush A. What are the Belgian Women's beauty standards? I will try to find what the Belgians share in common beyond their cultural group. This section offers general notes, as we are going to look at aging for the face and body, together, in great detail in a future session. Light gray looks nearly white, while Gray is usually tinted and appears bluish-gray or greenish-gray. We noted regional differences in the consent rate, a higher consent for non-smokers and a positive association with age and education level. The genetic structure of the Belgian population, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-018-0136-8, ftp://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/, https://molgenis26.target.rug.nl/downloads/gonl_public/variants/release5/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Belgian Women are also known for their ability to handle change and challenges. They are not any particularly facially distinct from other Westerner Europeans, it perhaps you who is in deep confusion. Furthermore, the likelihood for consent was also higher in the Flemish Region compared to the other regions. In that sense they are not adventurous. These SNPs were used for a principal component (PC) analysis using continental population data (i.e., African, American, South Asian, East Asian, and European populations) from the 1000 Genomes Project [1, 2, 14]. Mesocephal, the intermediate type, can be seen as the default drawing proportions we learned in our basic proportions. (XLSX 10kb), Genetic variation of the Belgian population related to continental populations. The foot, including toes, is longer than the face is high, and the hand, up to fingertips, at least 3/4 of the height of the face. In Western and Northern Ameur A, Dahlberg J, Olason P, Vezzi F, Karlsson R, Martin M, Viklund J, Khri AK, Lundin P, Che H, Thutkawkorapin J, Eisfeldt J, Lampa S, Dahlberg M, Hagberg J, Jareborg N, Liljedahl U, Jonasson I, Johansson , Feuk L, Lundeberg J, Syvnen A-C, Lundin S, Nilsson D, Nystedt B, Magnusson PK, Gyllensten U. SweGen: a whole-genome data resource of genetic variability in a cross-section of the Swedish population. The variables that were considered to potentially influence consent rates were the background characteristics (demographic information, education, employment, income), health behavior and lifestyle characteristics (substance abuse, nutritional status, physical activity), physical and social environment characteristics (housing, passive smoking), and health and wellbeing characteristics (chronic diseases, mental health, perceived health). 2012;491:5665. Humans' stunning diversity of facial features evolved to make recognition easier, a study says. Sherry ST, Ward MH, Kholodov M, Baker J, Phan L, Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K. dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation. The 3-year time gap between the NHIS and the second contact, inviting participation in the BelPHG-21 study, may be a reason for the relatively low participation rate. Upon receipt of saliva samples by the BelPHG-21 research team, DNA was manually extracted from the total sample following the manufacturers instructions (DNA Genotek, PD-PR-015 Issue 10/2015-01). We wish to thank all colleagues at the WIV-ISP that contributed to the accomplishment of the BelPHG-21 project. Put all this together with the previous lesson to create your own, original and diverse faces. 2000;10(8 Suppl):S6877. For Belgian samples with a migration background that map outside the European population, the background is indicated. Article Furthermore, cultural and societal influences have led to changes in beauty standards and fashion trends, which have also influenced the way Belgian women present themselves and the way they are perceived. More recently, Belgian politicians have played an important role in European politics. However, the Dutch tend to do things much more "by the book", follow rules and avoid conspicuous behaviour. Selection of the variables for the predictive model was conducted by stepwise-weighted binomial regression analysis. By incorporating NHIS information about the study subjects residence and parental country of birth, we demonstrate small but clear genetic differences between different regions and illustrate how the populations genetic structure is shaped by recent migration waves. This hair color and texture is a result of the countrys northern European heritage. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as . 2009;4:e5472. Young adults (eighteen to thirties) are probably the "default" age we draw, as that time of life is the most celebrated in Western culture. The NHIS contains information related to health, lifestyle, environment, etc. This combination of intelligence and sophistication makes them ideal leaders and role models. Furthermore, subjects were contacted only by an invitation letter (and reminder). Individual genotyping data generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions. 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De Keersmaecker,Vanessa De Wit,Jean Tafforeau,Stefaan Demarest,Marc Van den Bulcke&Herman Van Oyen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, You can also search for this author in [11]. SNP variant allele frequencies of the Belgian population, BelPHG-21 study, Belgium 2016.