Most people in . Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Overview of Elizabeth I / The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Write a paragraph or two. LS23 6AD The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. - rebelling of scottish lords. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. - navy to firth of Forth. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. 214 High Street, Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. he could also overthrow her. . [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. France was at war with England and Spain. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. and reversing the religious settlement. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. It had to deal with Irish . Doodle's Point of View The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. 214 High Street, The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. 2. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). J. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. 14-16 / This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. VAT reg no 816865400. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Mary was spared. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. By 1568 most people had accepted. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Norfolk was killed in 1572. LS23 6AD By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Topic guides / Boston Spa, The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. 1558 -french threat. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Dedicated to. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Save. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. West Yorkshire, Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Spain and France were the major European powers. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Company Reg no: 04489574. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Europe. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. VAT reg no 816865400. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. . The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance.